Project managers often face some challenges resulting from the scarcity of resources in construction management. Levelling the used resources in MULTIPLE PROJECTS is a frequently encountered problem in construction areas and manufacturing sectors. In this regard, the current study proposes a robust Forensic-Based Investigation (FBI) algorithm for resource leveling in MULTIPLE PROJECTS, considering dierent objective functions of the resource graphs. To this end, Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering approach was fused into the main operation of the FBI to enhance the convergence rate using the population information. The proposed scheduling examines dierent objective functions to eciently optimize the resource prole selection. Two case studies were taken into account in this research to elaborate on the performance of the improved optimization algorithm while dealing with the resource-leveling problem in MULTIPLE PROJECTS. The experimental ndings and statistical comparisons revealed that the developed Fuzzy clustering Forensic-Based Investigation (FFBI) could acquire solutions of high quality and outperform the compared optimization algorithms.

Road pavement deteriorate continually due to numerous factors therefore beneficiary organizations define road restoration and refinement PROJECTS annually. Implementation of these PROJECTS requires supplying asphalt from available asphalt factories. A desired asphalt factory needed by each project should not only be near to the project's site but also have free production capacity proportional to the project's demand. Large distance between the factory and the project site results in increased transportation costs and, as a result, increased implementation costs and lack of free production capacity leads to delayed delivery of asphalt and, consequently, a delay in project implementation. A centralized and integrated production and distribution planning system for various factories can provide the most optimal balance between demand and production capacity of various supplying factories. This study presents an "integrated asphalt production and distribution planning" model (BITA) for asphalt factories which is called BITA Optimization Model. In this model, asphalt amount required by each project (Dai), production capacity of each asphalt factory (Capj), transportation distance between factory and project site (dtij), transportation costs in different paths (Ctij) and asphalt price of each factory for each project (Cpij) are delivered to the model as input data. Then, the model is coded in GAMS Optimization software and the variable "asphalt amount assigned by each factory to each project in each period" (Xijt) is computed as the model output using Solver CPLEX. To explain how the proposed model can be used, an applied example of integrating "production and distribution planning" between 20 asphalt factories and 15 sites requiring asphalt in Khuzestan Province during one year will be presented at the end of this article.

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration PROJECTS, these PROJECTS in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration PROJECTS in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration PROJECTS are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and MULTIPLE decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of PROJECTS and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

Proper resource management and recycling of debris are principles of the concept of sustainable development. The construction industry recognized as one of the most important aspects of damage to the environment and society. This situation is due to the lack of attention and deficiency in waste management and the lack of proper management of materials. Reverse Logistics (RL) is a concept that has been considered to solve this problem in recent decades. But evidence is that, this important concept of management is not sufficiently understood in Iran, and its benefits are not sufficiently used in construction PROJECTS. In this study, using a MULTIPLE case study strategy level of familiarity of experts from RL was examined through in-depth interviews with stakeholders in case studies, and the extent of implementation of this concept was examined in the PROJECTS, the most important managerial deficiencies are also identified. The results indicate that industry stakeholders have not had a clear understanding of the concepts and methods of implementing RL in PROJECTS. However, they are unknowingly implementing some aspects of it during the construction process. This lack of awareness along with the lack of proper infrastructure and other factors presented in this study has made the RL’ s effectiveness is insignificant in the construction PROJECTS of the country.

Water resources are among basics for sustainable development. The non uniform temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is led to shortage water in arid and semi arid regions. The inter basin water transfer PROJECTS are one remedy to this problem. According to the diversity of the feasible water transfer PROJECTS, ranking of the PROJECTS with different criteria is currently one of the important issues in water resources management. Fuzzy MULTIPLE Criteria Decision Making (FMADM) is a collection of methodologies which can be used to compare, select, or rank MULTIPLE alternatives that typically involve incommensurate attributes. The aim of this research was to use some of the fuzzy MULTIPLE attribute group decision making methods for ranking some inter-basin water transfer PROJECTS of Karoon River, western Iran. Maximizing and minimizing sets method, the Bonissone’s method for group decision making, Fuzzy TOPSIS for group decision making, and Fuzzy Decision Making software were used in this study. A set of 10 interbasin water transfer PROJECTS with 8 criteria were considered. First, the weight of each criterion was determined within a group of five water resources experts, Then the rating preference for each alternative were obtained by the same group of experts. Finally, the results of different methods were compared. The results showed that the Tunnel Koohrang 1 posses the higher rank. Also, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was obtained between different methods. The results showed that the Fuzzy TOPSIS and Bonissone method provide the best correlation. For evaluating the criteria weightings, the sensitivity analysis was conducted and the results were compared.

Dealing with Water Scarcity is one of the important problems in water resources management. There is no one of financial capability to execute all the water resources PROJECTS in one lot, so it is important to rank execution PROJECTS. In this study, one of the fuzzy MULTIPLE attribute decision making methods was employed for ranking some of the inter-basin water transfer PROJECTS, by using different criteria and modifying the Raj and Kumar method for both benefit and cost criteria conditions. The approach has been applied to the Karun river basin. For ranking alternatives, first criteria and their weight were determined and then 10 inter-basin water resources PROJECTS of Karun river with 8 criteria were considered. The weight of each criterion determined by 5 water resources experts. The fuzzy weights of alternatives are computed by using standard fuzzy arithmetic. The concept of maximizing and minimizing sets is used to compute the total utility of each of alternatives. Finally, the results of maximizing and minimizing method were compared to FDM software.

Purpose: To report a patient with MEWDS.Patient and findings: A 65-year-old man presented with sudden decrease of vision in his right eye. On ophthalmoscopy of the involved eye, numerous small discrete white lesions were detected superficially and deep in the retina around the disc and macula. On visual field examination, enlargement of the blind spot was detected. Fluorescein angiography was unremarkable. On electroretinography, the a-wave was decreased minimally. The patient was followed and after 2 months, significant improvement of visual acuity and visual field was observed.Conclusion: MEWDS is a rare intraocular inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and in contrast to our patient, more frequent in females. The natural course is generally benign with spontaneous disappearance of the lesions and improvement of vision in 6 to 8 weeks.